buy custom The Fall of Enron essay

buy custom The Fall of Enron essay Kenneth Lay was the chief executive officer of Enron Corporation at the time of its collapse in 2001. The crisis was not exclusively due to poor corporate culture, but the corporations entire department directly contributed in the operation of the companys corporate ethical principles and values. It is the executive under the leadership of Kenneth Lay that bear primary responsibility for the lack of corporate culture, corporations transparency, and clear accountability. If he had ensured that the operations management of the company had its works done in a proper manner, and if he had made it possible to work in such a manner, then, there could have been a chance of evading the crisis. Some of the major management principles that the chief executive officer failed in is Centralization and Decentralization. Whereas the enterprise was so highly praised and highly rated by the external observers, internally, we find that it had a highly decentralized structure of decision-making and fin ancial control (Lynn, 2002). This actually rendered it really difficult to get clear and logical, or coherent view on the operations together with activities of the enterprise. It goes without saying that the disaster in Enron did not occur accidentally. However, enhancement to the same was brought by a corporate culture that greatly facilitated and encouraged fraud, as well as insatiability, as shown by the traders of energy that extorted the consumers of energy from California. Instead of putting its focus on the creating of real value, the sole goal of management was in the maintenance of the value appearance, thus leading to an increase in the stoke price. Lay did ignore the principle of Party of Authority and responsibility, that is, externally; the rationales together with attitudes behind the decisions and events that resulted to the downfall appear to be rather simple. The environments of corporate arrogance lead to the formation of individual and collective greed. As the reputation of the corporation in the global environment grew bigger and bigger, its internal culture started worsening considerably. Skilling, established the PRC (Performance Review Committee), which earned the reputation of the most insensate system of employee-ranking in the entire nation. Notionally, the preparation of this review system was on the basis of the corporations values; respect, communication, integrity, and excellence. Discipline is also another major principle of management that the executive showed ignorance of. Being apparently a strong business with a clear hierarchy and powerful management, the internal organization of the corporation had a number of weaknesses. The executive failed in the offering and further development of positive control atmosphere, and did not contribute in the shaping of the companys ethical value, strict accountability, integrity, and philosophy of management. The corporate policies in communication and formulation, whereby the operations management of the corporation took part, were erroneous and not in compliance with the corporations initial values. In ignoring the principle of Sub-Ordination of Individual Interest to General Interest, we find that the Harsh and strict hierarchy, as well as the system of performance appraisal whose creation was done by Skilling, distorted the initial ethical base and values of the business, which included excellence, integrity, respe ct, and communication; thus replacing them with the priority of gaining revenue regardless of the means thereof (Collins, 2006). This greatly motivated the workers to engage in various dubious practices, and was given rewards for bringing revenue to the company. The entire managerial machine took part in this process, thus reducing the functions that it had in the fulfillment of the newly-formed value and philosophy of the corporation. In addition, Fastow, the then Chief Financial Officer took the position as a chance for himself, together with his friends and relatives, benefiting themselves by involving in some dubious behaviors which rendered the company bankrupt. Buy custom The Fall of Enron essay

What Is Dynamic Equilibrium Definition and Examples

What Is Dynamic Equilibrium Definition and Examples SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Dynamic equilibrium is an important concept in chemistry. But what is dynamic equilibrium exactly? How can something be dynamic but also at equilibrium? Keep reading to learn the best dynamic equilibrium definition, common dynamic equilibrium examples, and how dynamic and static equilibrium may look the same but are in fact very different. What Is Dynamic Equilibrium? Chemical reactions can either go in both directions (forward and reverse) or only in one direction. The ones that go in two directions are known as reversible reactions, and you can identify them by the arrows going in two directions, like the example below. H2O(l) â‡Å' H+(aq) + OH-(aq) Dynamic equilibrium only occurs in reversible reactions, and it’s when the rate of the forward reaction is equal to the rate of the reverse reaction. These equations are dynamic because the forward and reverse reactions are still occurring, but the two rates are equal and unchanging, so they’re also at equilibrium. Dynamic equilibrium is an example of a system in a steady state. This means the variables in the equation are unchanging over time (since the rates of reaction are equal). If you look at a reaction in dynamic equilibrium, it’ll look like nothing is happening since the concentrations of each substance stay constant. However, reactions are actually continuously occurring. Dynamic equilibrium doesn't just occur in chemistry labs though; you've witnessed an dynamic equilibrium example every time you've had a soda. In a sealed bottle of soda, carbon dioxide is present in both the liquid/aqueous phase and the gaseous phase (bubbles). The two phases of carbon dioxide are in dynamic equilibrium inside the sealed soda bottle since the gaseous carbon dioxide is dissolving into the liquid form at the same rate that the liquid form of carbon dioxide is being converted back to its gaseous form. The equation looks like this: CO2(g) â‡Å' CO2(aq). Changing the temperature, pressure, or concentration of a reaction can shift the equilibrium of an equation and knock it out of dynamic equilibrium. This is why, if you open a soda can and leave it out for a long time, eventually it'll become "flat" and there will be no more bubbles. This is because the soda can is no longer a closed system and the carbon dioxide can interact with the atmosphere. This moves it out of dynamic equilibrium and releases the gaseous form of carbon dioxide until there are no more bubbles. Dynamic Equilibrium Examples Any reaction will be in dynamic equilibrium if it’s reversible and the rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal. For example, say that you prepare a solution that is saturated with an aqueous solution of NaCl. If you then add solid crystals of NaCl, the NaCl will be simultaneously dissolving and recrystallizing within the solution. The reaction, NaCl(s) â‡Å' Na+(aq) + Cl-(aq), will be in dynamic equilibrium when the rate of the dissolution of the NaCl equals the rate of recrystallization. Another example of dynamic equilibrium isNO2(g) + CO(g) â‡Å' NO(g) + CO2(g) (again, as long as the two rates are equal). Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) reacts with carbon monoxide (CO) to form nitrogen oxide (NO) and carbon dioxide (CO2), and, in the reverse reaction, nitrogen oxide and carbon dioxide react to form nitrogen dioxide and carbon monoxide. If you’re observing a reaction, you can tell it’s not at dynamic equilibrium if you can see changes occurring in the amounts of reactants or products. (If you can’t see any changes, that doesn’t guarantee it’s at dynamic equilibrium, since it may be at static equilibrium or the changes may be too small to see with the naked eye.) An example of an equation that could never be at dynamic equilibrium is: 4 Fe(s) + 6 H2O(l) + 3O2(g) → 4 Fe(OH)3(s). This is an equation for the formation of rust. We can see that it’ll never be in dynamic equilibrium because the arrow for the reaction only goes one way (which is why a rusty car won’t become shiny again on its own). There's no dynamic equilibrium for this car! Dynamic Equilibrium vs Static Equilibrium If you observe reactions at dynamic equilibrium and reactions at static equilibrium, neither will have visible changes occurring, and it'll look like nothing is happening. However, reactions at static equilibrium are actually very different from those at dynamic equilibrium. Static equilibrium (also known as mechanical equilibrium) is when the reaction has stopped and there is no movement at all between the reactants and products. The reaction is complete and the forward and reverse reaction rates are both 0. While reactions at dynamic equilibrium are reversible (can proceed in either direction), those at static equilibrium are irreversible and can only proceed in one direction.However, both dynamic equilibrium and static equilibrium are examples of systems at steady state, in which the net force action on the systems is zero. Below is a chart showing the key differences between dynamic and static equilibrium. Dynamic Equilibrium Static Equilibrium Reversible Irreversible Reaction is still occurring Reaction has stopped Rate of forward reaction = rate of reverse reaction Both reaction rates are zero Occurs in a closed system Can occur in an open or closed system How Does Dynamic Equilibrium Relate to Rate Constants? When a reaction is at dynamic equilibrium, the reaction will have a specific rate constant, known as the equilibrium constant, or Keq. The equilibrium constant, or rate constant, is a coefficient that shows the reaction quotient (or the relative amounts of products and reactants in the reaction at a given point in time) when the reaction is at equilibrium. The value of the equilibrium constant will tell you the relative amounts of product and reactant at equilibrium. If Keqis 1000, at equilibrium there will be mostly product. If Keqis between .001 and 1000, at equilibrium there will be a significant amount of both product and reactant. If Keqis .001, at equilibrium there will be mostly reactant. For the reactionaA + bBâ‡Å'cC+dD, A and B represent the reactants and C and D represent the products. The equation for the equilibrium constant is Keq=[C]c[D]d/[A]a[B]b. Example Take the reaction N2(g)+O2(g)⇋2NO(g). Using the equation for the equilibrium constant, Keqis equal to [NO]2/[N2][O2]. You would either leave the equation like this, or, if you're given equilibrium concentrations/the equilibrium constant, you can plug those in to find any missing values. Say we know the concentrations of both[N2] and [O2]=.15 M and the concentration of [NO] is 1.1 M. Plugging in those values would give you: Keq= (1.1)2/(.15)(.15) or 1.21/.0225. You can solve and find that Keq=53.8. SinceKeqis between .001 and 1000, there will be a significant amount each of NO, O2, and N2at equilibrium. Summary: What Is Dynamic Equilibrium? What is the best dynamic equilibrium definition? Dynamic equilibrium occurs when, for a reversible reaction, the rate of the forward reaction equals the rate of the reverse reaction.Since the two rates are equal, it looks like nothing is happening, but in reality the reaction is continuously occurring at its stable rate. In contrast, reactions at stable equilibrium are complete and no further reaction is occurring. The equation for the equilibrium constant isKeq=[C]c[D]d/[A]a[B]b. What's Next? Writing a research paper for school but not sure what to write about?Our guide to research paper topicshas over 100 topics in ten categories so you can be sure to find the perfect topic for you. Want to know the fastest and easiest ways to convert between Fahrenheit and Celsius?We've got you covered!Check out our guide to the best ways to convert Celsius to Fahrenheit(or vice versa). Are you studying clouds in your science class?Get help identifying thedifferent types of cloudswith our expert guide.

The Anglo-Saxon Invasion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Anglo-Saxon Invasion - Essay Example Therefore, when the army left the place, then the Roman-British people did not have anything except to use their own methods and weapons to protect themselves; later on they started relying on Saxon for their protection. The years after the down fall of the Roman government in Britain in the early years of the fifth century and the arrival of St Augustine at the end of the sixth were the period of momentous revolutionize. During that era, the material character of the nation and their language and institutions were completely altered. The Celtic British was replaced by the Germanic people and were able to become the majority of the lowland Britain. Celtic or Latin dialects and the more centrally governed Roman provinces were replaced by Germanic dialects and loose knit & feuding hereditary kingships respectively. This transition was not recorded properly as Germanic immigrants were neither literate nor religious. The Jutland is now called Denmark. Initially the people of the Jutland were farmers. The land of the Jutland was not feasible for farming purposes or fertile; therefore, they decided to find a new land where they could cultivate their grains. When they were searching for a new land, they reached a place called Anglo-Saxon England; they saw that this place is not only good for food purposes but also for other sources of income. They started raiding on this place by using the famous longboats. Therefore, we can say that the Vikings not only raid for food but for other valuables such as gold and expensive manuscripts. After the several years of their rule, the Vikings era came to an end when Earl Godwin pressured the Witan to select a new King from the old Anglo-Saxon Dynasty called Edward. This decision put the Vikings rule to the end but had opened the door for the final early medieval invasion of England. Norman Conquest The Norman Conquest took place right after the Viking invasions. William who wanted to be the King of the region attacked no the Harold's army and became the King of England on 25th December, 1066. Religious History Although the arrival of the Gregorian mission clearly marked a very important stage in the religious history of the Anglo-Saxons and in the production of written records, it is not an ideal point at which to begin an investigation into the history of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms. For it is evident that the majority of Anglo-Saxon kingdoms were already in existence by 597 and that the complex political pattern of interrelationships and amalgamations which Bede reveals in his Ecclesiastical

Larson in Nigeria Essay Example for Free

Larson in Nigeria Essay The legislation and the regulations by Nigerian officias has become one of the major problems of Larson. The value of the company by the Securities and Exchange Committee has been extremely low and the sales collection and payment to suppler are delayed in Nigeria. All these factors affect the liquidity and cash flow and raise the total cost of the company. Maintaining the operation was also complicated by problems in staffing. Expatiate staff is very costly. Additionally, entry visas for those expatriate are very complicated. The recruitment of qualified skilled experts is difficult and they are not staying long in the country. Because Larson had a promise to increase the share of local ownership, the local partners participation seems very important. If the local equity participation keeps very low like current situation, the profit of both companies will become little or even lost capital. Recommendation The vice-president of international operations should decide to continue the companys joint venture in Nigeria. However, the company needs to address the problems of coping with local indigenization and hire a new joint venture general manager. Discussions Although the expatriate general manager of the Nigerian operation has delivered a very negative report, the operation should still continue. There are great amount of demands for products in Nigeria and competitions seem not very high. Since different country have different business cultural, to successfully operate the company in Nigeria, we have to cope with their way of doing business. After the share of local ownership increase, they cultural of the business might change to the local way. And the company will have more access to negotiate with the government. As a result, after increase the local equity percentage, in order to maintain the business in Nigeria, Larsons first step is to deal with the Nigerian business cultural. This will help the company solve the problems of cooperate their joint venture partner with divergent views. In order to increase the cooperation, senior management might have to give early retirement to Ridley and hire a new joint venture general manager who has more adaptability. The new manager will help Larson to negotiate and keep good relation with the local equity side. Moreover, the new manager should have an excellent human recourses skill and understand the labour market. This will help the company with the staffing problem which they can hire or train the local experts.

The Nature and Variety of Late Classical and Early Hellenistic Greek St

13. Megalopolitans: The people from Megalopolis in Arcadia in the western Peloponnese. It was in the Achaean League during the time being described. It would have been considered a Polis and as such would not have been seen as just a single entity or brain, rather [The Greeks] ‘saw the relationship between the individual and the state as organic’ (Green, 1993). The nature and variety of late classical and early Hellenistic Greek states were unique. Not one appeared to be the same as any other. One system favoured democracy (Athens), another may favour a diarchy (Sparta) and others may be led by a tyrant. However A polis at this time did not just have to be a big city. A small village on a mountainside could be considered as a polis because it was led by a body of citizens. Poleis arguably started to decline during the Hellenistic period when they relied more and more on benefactors who would contribute wealth to a city in exchange for political power. A polis in Ancient Greek times would have meant more than just a city, rather it would be a territory, and a state; which is why a polis can be described as a city-state. Aetolians: The Aetolians are from the area of Aetolia which is a mountainous region north of Corinth in central Greece. It was the base of the Aetolian League which was created to rival Macedonia and the Achaean League. By the 340’s it was the leading power in Greece in which Green explains: ‘The Aetolians now controlled most of central Greece’ (Green, 2007). Polybios is heavily anti-Aetolian in his writing, perhaps because Polybios himself was from Megalopolis which was part of the Achaean League, or that he based most of his work for this time (220’s) on Aratus of Sicyon’s memoirs. His father was also a leading... ...Works Cited Green, P. 2007. The Hellenistic Age. New York. Hansen, M. H. 2006. Polis: An Introduction to the Greek City-State. Oxford. Hansen, M. H. 1998. Polis and City-state: An Ancient Concept and its Modern Equivalent. Copenhagen: Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab/Munksgaard. Larsen, J. A. O. 1968. Greek Federal States: Their Institutions and History. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Paton, W. R. ed. 1922-7. Polybius, Histories. (Loeb Classical Library, 128, 137-8, and 159-61.) Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. Shipley, G. 2000. The Greek World after Alexander: 323-30 BC. London-New York: Routledge. Fine, J. V. A. ‘The Background of the Social War of 220-217B.C’. The American Jounal of Philology, Vol 61, No 2. (1940) pp. 129-165. Samuel, A. E. The Ptolemies and the Ideology of Kingship, in Hellenistic History and Culture, Ed. Green, P. 1993.

An Overview of Freedom Greeting Card Company Inc

Freedom Greeting Card Company Inc. (www.freedomgreetings.com) is a greeting card company that recently decided to create a website that would provide wholesale and retail customers with online services (Aspin, 2005). In the past, the company relied entirely on fax and phone orders. It grew into a multi-billion dollar business without even having a web site. However, as customer began demanding faster service and the industry expanded, Freedom†s leaders realized that they would be eliminated by the competition if they failed to give the customers what they wanted (Aspin, 2005). The Internet seemed to be the offered a viable solution to keep in contact with a large customer base. Jay Levitt, president of Freedom Greeting, aimed to create a solution that would be easy to use and effectively boost productivity, while saving money on traditional methods of reacting to increases in demand such as staff and infrastructure expansion. Levitt looked into the possibility of extending his existing business applications. Since 1999, the company was a customer of Aspin Management Systems, a software house based in the United Kingdom (Aspin, 2005). Freedom had invested in AMSolveâ„ ¢, an accounting and back office system which the company produces. The system handles many area of Freedom†s operation, including account ledgers, stock control, order processing and fulfillment. Levitt decided to extend the company†s services to the Internet. The company found a solution that would give trade customers an easy to use method of quickly ordering products, without the need for customers to invest in expensive applications to interface with the company†s server (Aspin, 2005). This solution is a website that provides a catalogue of over five thousand products that can be ordered by industry customers. Customers login and browse the products, adding items or requesting stock through the Grid Ordering process. According to Aspin Intercative (2005): â€Å"The customer or agent specifies the grids and pocket to re-order and the system displays the available stock for pockets as specified in AMSolve. The user then reviews the order, makes any adjustment to quantity and clicks a button to place the order. There is no need to enter any payment details and the order is encrypted and sent directly to Freedom†s AMSolve server for processing. Once the order is placed notification is sent via email, however, an agent representing a client or the customer themselves can log into the website at any time and place, and check that the order is in the system and once shipped, they can check its delivery status.†

The Advantages of Starting Your Own Business

The advantages of starting your own business Many people dream of owning a business and see it as a way to control their own destiny. Starting a business is an exciting thing that offers many benefits. However, you should also analyze what it takes to run a successful business or how much it costs to start up. Although, having your own business is still more beneficial since you can do what you enjoy doing, you can manage your work schedule and last of all you can earn a higher salary from your own business.Owning a business gives you the opportunity to work in a field you enjoy. Workings in an area you are passionate about helps you better handle responsibilities in your business. Owning your own business allows you to create and contribute, which gives your personal satisfaction. Most entrepreneurs working in a field they enjoy also bring in their expertise, which allows them to offer innovative products and services to customers. The second aspect is independence. Entrepreneurship gives you the control over your own business.If you operate a project, you can make the final management decisions regarding your company. Owning a business gives you the power to control whole business. You can participate in every step of the decision-making process. Moreover you can manage your time and adjust your work schedule. For instance, if you have to do something else during the work hours, you can leave and re-schedule your obligations for some other day or after 5 pm. When you work for an employer, you know your annual salary and little opportunity is available to earn more money on your job.Starting your own business gives you the potential to earn a high salary. Productivity, pricing and marketing plans are all in your hand, and the income you earn relates to those activities. Although earning a high salary is not a guarantee forever. However, if it becomes successful, the rewards will be much greater than work for a company. However, there are also disadvantages whe n you have your own business. One is having the risk of losing not just your money, but also the time and energy you put up if the business does not work out.Another is the overwhelming feeling, in the beginning, of learning several things to start and run the business. And since the business is yours, you are the one take responsible for everything about it. In consequently, starting a business can be scary. But great rewards await entrepreneurs who are lucky enough to create successful businesses not only you can earn earn more salary and become self-independent but also you reward your own life. Although only you can decide if you are ready to create something, here are some of the rewards of going out on your own.

Free Essays on Tobacco Advertising

Everyday 3,000 children start smoking, most them between the ages of 10 and 18. These kids account for 90 percent of all new smokers. In fact, 90 percent of all adult smokers said that they first lit up as teenagers (Roberts). These statistics clearly show that young people are the prime target in the tobacco wars. The cigarette manufacturers may deny it, but advertising and promotion play a vital part in making these facts a reality (Roberts). The kings of these media ploys are Marlboro and Camel. Marlboro uses a fictional western character called The Marlboro Man, while Camel uses Joe Camel, a high-rolling, swinging cartoon character. Joe Camel, the "smooth character" from R.J. Reynolds, who is shown as a dromedary with complete style has been attacked by many Tobacco-Free Kids organizations as a major influence on the children of America. Dr. Lonnie Bristow, AMA (American Medical Association) spokesman, remarks that "to kids, cute cartoon characters mean that the product is harmless, but cigarettes are not harmless. They have to know that their ads are influencing the youth under 18 to begin smoking"(Breo). Researchers at the Medical College of Georgia report that almost as many 6-year olds recognize Joe Camel as know Mickey Mouse (Breo). That is very shocking information for any parent to hear. The industry denies that these symbols target people under 21 and claim that their advertising goal is simply to promote brand switching and loyalty. Many people disagree with this statement such as Illinois Rep. Richard Durbin who states " If we can reduce the number of young smokers, the tobacco companies will be in trouble and they know it "(Roberts). So what do the tobacco companies do to keep their industry alive and well? Seemingly, they go toward a market that is not fully aware of the harm that cigarettes are capable of. U.S. News recently featured a discussion of the smoking issue with 20 teenagers from suburban Baltimo... Free Essays on Tobacco Advertising Free Essays on Tobacco Advertising Everyday 3,000 children start smoking, most them between the ages of 10 and 18. These kids account for 90 percent of all new smokers. In fact, 90 percent of all adult smokers said that they first lit up as teenagers (Roberts). These statistics clearly show that young people are the prime target in the tobacco wars. The cigarette manufacturers may deny it, but advertising and promotion play a vital part in making these facts a reality (Roberts). The kings of these media ploys are Marlboro and Camel. Marlboro uses a fictional western character called The Marlboro Man, while Camel uses Joe Camel, a high-rolling, swinging cartoon character. Joe Camel, the "smooth character" from R.J. Reynolds, who is shown as a dromedary with complete style has been attacked by many Tobacco-Free Kids organizations as a major influence on the children of America. Dr. Lonnie Bristow, AMA (American Medical Association) spokesman, remarks that "to kids, cute cartoon characters mean that the product is harmless, but cigarettes are not harmless. They have to know that their ads are influencing the youth under 18 to begin smoking"(Breo). Researchers at the Medical College of Georgia report that almost as many 6-year olds recognize Joe Camel as know Mickey Mouse (Breo). That is very shocking information for any parent to hear. The industry denies that these symbols target people under 21 and claim that their advertising goal is simply to promote brand switching and loyalty. Many people disagree with this statement such as Illinois Rep. Richard Durbin who states " If we can reduce the number of young smokers, the tobacco companies will be in trouble and they know it "(Roberts). So what do the tobacco companies do to keep their industry alive and well? Seemingly, they go toward a market that is not fully aware of the harm that cigarettes are capable of. U.S. News recently featured a discussion of the smoking issue with 20 teenagers from suburban Baltimo...

The Difference Between e-Learning and Distance Learning

The Difference Between e-Learning and Distance Learning The terms e-learning, distance learning, web-based learning and online learning are often used interchangeably. But, a recent eLearn Magazine article explains how important it is to recognize their differences: ...These terms represent concepts with subtle, yet consequential differences....A clear understanding of these concepts and their fundamental differences is important for both the educational and training communities. Applying each of these terms adequately is key to assuring reliable communication between clients and vendors, members of technical teams, and the research community. A thorough familiarity with each concept and its distinctive characteristics is a critical factor in establishing adequate specifications, evaluating alternative options, selecting best solutions, and enabling and promoting effective learning practices. See Also: The 7 Mistakes Online Learners Make

Law course (case study) Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Law course ( ) - Case Study Example This puts Renault in a safe albeit embarrassing position. Nonetheless, Lyon's decision to sue Sherman for breach of contract may have some merit. On his part, Sherman could use the argument that he is not under any legal obligation to sell his business only to Lyon. He could strengthen his case if he has included the clause that the counteroffer is subject to cancellation by the present owner of Adgraphics without assigning any reason whatsoever. In this case the role of Robert Renault of V.R. Brokers is crucial in bringing about an amicable, out-of-court settlement. A court proceeding could prove to be messy for Sherman and question his personal integrity. The case is tilted in favor of Lane, manufacturer of Zeus bran butane. It is just as good as any open-and-shut case. The tragic end of the victim, Stephen Pavlik's life is the result of his own desire to "get high" by inhaling the dangerous substance which the manufacturer has already cautioned against in bold capitals on the fuel's can. The victim was 20 years of age when the accident occurred. As such, he was quite mature and fully aware of the dangerous consequences of his debilitating addiction.