The Affect Heuristic and Decision Making

The Affect Heuristic and Decision Making Theories Cognitive Psychology Print The Affect Heuristic and Decision Making By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Updated on October 01, 2019 Chris Ryan/Getty Images More in Theories Cognitive Psychology Behavioral Psychology Developmental Psychology Personality Psychology Social Psychology Biological Psychology Psychosocial Psychology The affect heuristic is a type of mental shortcut in which people make decisions that are heavily influenced by their current emotions. Essentially, your affect (a psychological term for emotional response) plays a critical role in the choices and decisions you make. It might not come as much of a surprise to learn that your emotions influence all types of decisions, both big and small. After all, you might already know that you are more likely to take risks or try new things when you are happy, but less likely to go out on a limb when youre feeling glum. If youve ever gone with your gut feeling when faced with a difficult decision, you are probably relying on the affect heuristic. In psychology, a heuristic is a mental shortcut that allows people to make decisions quickly and efficiently. In this case, it is the way you feel (your affect) toward a particular stimulus that influences the decisions you make. How It Works Your feelings of the relative goodness or badness of a particular person, object, or activity impact the decisions that you ultimately make. So how much of your emotions might influence your decision-making and what impact might it have on your life? Researchers have found that when you are in a positive emotional state, you are more likely to perceive an activity as having high benefits and low risks.If your emotional state is negative, on the other hand, you are more inclined to see the activity as being low in benefits and high in risk. Example Imagine a situation in which two children arrive at a local park to play. One child has spent a lot of time playing on swings at a neighbors house, so he has nothing but positive feelings when he sees the swing set at the park. He immediately makes the decision that the swings will be fun (high benefit, low risk) and runs to play on the swings. The other child, however, recently had a negative experience while playing on the swings at a friends house. When he sees the swings at the park, he draws on this recent negative memory and decides that the swings are a bad choice (low benefit, high risk). Impact of the Affect Heuristic Much like other heuristics, the affect heuristic has its advantages and disadvantages. While such mental shortcuts allow people to make quick and often reasonably accurate decisions, they can also lead to poor decision-making. How the Availability Heuristic Affects Decision-Making Consider how advertising can sometimes make unhealthy activities such as smoking or eating unhealthy foods seem both positive and appealing. These ads can sometimes influence the emotions of consumers, which can lead to poor health decisions and risky behaviors that can have serious, long-term consequences. A 1978 study by Fischhoff et al. played a significant role in the study of the affect heuristic. The researchers discovered that judgments of benefits and risks were negatively correlatedâ€"the greater the perceived benefit, the lower the perceived risk. At the same time, the more risky behaviors seem, the less the perceived benefits were. Certain behaviors such as drinking alcohol and smoking were viewed as high-risk, low-benefit while other things such as antibiotics and vaccines were seen as high-benefit, low-risk. Researchers have also discovered that emotions can also influence the judgments people make about statistical information. In one study, clinicians were presented with recidivism rates that were either presented as probabilities (such as 30%) or frequencies (such as 30 out of 100). The clinicians rated mental health patients as presenting a higher risk when the numbers were presented as frequencies rather than probabilities. Why? Researchers suggest that presenting the data as frequencies lead to more extreme judgments on the part of clinicians because it creates a mental image of the individual lapsing back into their old behaviors. A Word From Verywell Clearly, the affect heuristic can have a powerful influence on decisions both large and small. So what can you do to prevent emotions from contributing to poor decision making? Simply being aware of the phenomenon might be helpful. Perhaps by being aware of your tendency to be swayed by your feelings and emotions, you will be better able to make more objective and clear-minded decisions in the future. Research also suggests that talking to yourself in the third person can be an effective form of self-control. The next time you need to make a decision during an emotional moment, take a moment to talk silently to yourself using the third person. It might help you stay calm, collected, and level-headed, a strategy that may prevent bad decisions made in the heat of the moment.

An Effective Teacher Of Primary English And Literacy

Assignment 3: Essay Discuss the attributes and skills needed to be an effective teacher of primary English and literacy The attributes needed to be an effective teacher of primary English and literacy are as follows. Firstly, a good teacher must know have an in depth understanding of the subject matter and how to help students learn those subjects. They must recognize how knowledge is constructed in the discipline, as well as how it can be linked to other disciplines. I believe knowledge of the discipline ensures students are exposed to modes of critical thinking, and encourage them to analyze, apply, synthesize, and evaluate. Secondly, a teacher must know how to make the subject come alive for their students. They must realize students†¦show more content†¦The methods used to engage students, such as, multimodal sources and narrative. In addition, to different forms of assessment, the ways in which teachers use assessment and the effects of assessment on students. Teaching essential skills The Australian English curriculum is based on three interrelated strands of language, literature and literacy. Together, the three strands focus on developing receptive skills, such as listening, reading and viewing, as well as productive skills including, speaking, writing and creating (Australian Curriculum, 2015). In order to develop these skills teachers need to instill in children key concepts such as phonemic awareness. Phonics, as a teaching theory, was established in the early nineteenth century (ref). It can be defined as a system of teaching reading that builds on the alphabetic principle, a system of which a central component is the teaching of correspondences between letters or groups of letters and their pronunciations (Adams, 1994; Liu, 2010). English is a complex language with thousands of words. Therefore teaching students 42 sounds or phonics is far more effective than focusing on words as a whole (DeCeuklaire, 2015). There are many benefits that come from teaching p honics, for example, phonics assist in the decoding of unfamiliar words, improve comprehension, expand students vocabulary and increase their ability to read fluently

Ufo Truths and Lies - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 870 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/09/16 Category Advertising Essay Did you like this example? When is the truth a lie?.. When it is only half told. The truth like an arrow in flight, if it deviates by a plus or minus . Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Ufo Truths and Lies" essay for you Create order 0 degrees, in any direction, will not hit its mark. True it may come pretty close, may fall with in acceptable boundaries, but more times than not it will miss the mark altogether. Seems to me people always say they want that arrow (the truth) to hit dead center bulls eye all the time, but because of hidden agendas though the aim, was true when the arrow was loosed, the arrow ends up being deflected by things beyond the archers control and never is a solid hit. It is time for people to realize the government is not the only one that, under the guise of looking out for the public good or doing the right thing, because of their actions, turn whole truths into full lies, for a half truth is still a whole lie is it not, for there are no such things as half lies, lies are lies, and that is that Today the UFO and Alien Abduction Phenomena has finally stepped from the shadows and has taken its place in the full light of public awareness. Now we see flying saucers and aliens used to sell us any and everything from A to Z. This is good to some extent for now people from all walks of life are finally taking an active interest in this ancient phenomena. Still I feel we have a long way to go before we will ever, if we ever, make heads or tails out of the riddles of UFOs and ETs. Today they are being called everything from Angelic to Demonic, to Ascended Masters, and this can well be understood because the phenomena crosses all of the boundaries of the paranormal. If we are ever to get a handle on this slippery perplexation we must be willing to toss aside old ways of seeing and believing and be willing to look at things that we have been over looking either because of our fear of being ridiculed as fools by our government, gullible by the scientist, or heretics by our church. All the while these very same institutions claims it is for the good of the public that we forget this stuff and go on with our lives for it will drive you crazy, send you into a cult, or to hell. So far depending on which of these three institutions the investigators hale from this phenomena is viewed differently. If it is a government investigation it will not tell all it finds out because of National Security. If is a scientific investigation anything of a non tangible nature will be ignored. If it is a religious group anything that smacks of paganism, E. S. P, witchcraft, or magic will be excluded. Thus in the end, none of the nvestigators ever allow themselves access to the full scope of the phenomena they are trying, or at least claiming to try to investigate. It all depends on the mind set of the investigator that the True Experiencer tells their encounter to as to the spin that will be put on it when the a fore said Investigator retells and retails the Experiencers story. Very often those points of the Experiencers experience that clash with their ( the Investigators ) belief systems will be left out of the report or twisted to mean something else. Sometimes this is deliberate but at times it is accidental for the Investigators more times than not is not an Experiencer, and so over looks the subtleties of the encounter for the more sensual or sensational points of it. There in is the problem, for as I have learned because of my many encounters, the ETs tend to speak more to that part of the mind we call the sub conscience for that is the realm of the Quantum Mind. It is because the Investigators focus mainly on the realm of the Linear Mind ( the physical ) they often over look the deeper meanings and obvious messages and information that are sometime passed during the encounter. The Linear Mind speaks person to person, The Quantum Mind speaks Species to Species. I will explain by using the Betty Hills encounter for that is well known. Betty Hill was given a book by one of the beings she encountered, which she wanted to keep as proof that what she had experienced was real, and was told she could keep it, but the book was taken away. She was shone a star map that she was told was useless for her if she did not know where she was located on the map. A needle was put into her navel and she was told it was a test for pregnancy, but she knew that, that was no pregnancy test she had ever heard of. When these actions are viewed Linearly , that is to say in the context of the every day mind of her time these entities were deceitful tormentors. Today we know that the star map she was shone was accurate and did pinpoint the area that she was told the entities came from Zeta Reticula.

What is a SWOT analysis Free Essays

SWOT Analysis stands for Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and threats. It is a strategic planning tool which is used by businesses and organization to set a comprehensible rationale of the project. [1]This analysis is not only aimed at analyzing the internal factors but it also scans the external environment. We will write a custom essay sample on What is a SWOT analysis? or any similar topic only for you Order Now Strengths and weaknesses are usually taken as internal environmental factors while opportunities and threats are viewed as external environmental factors. It helps a company in formulating strategies and utilizes the firm’s resources in the accurate vicinity. Strengths would highlight the areas where investments should be made to further enhance the product or service and make it as a competitive advantage for the company, e.g. low cost. Weaknesses would tell a firm that improvement is required in a particular area, e.g. weak distribution network. Opportunities would define the areas which are not being targeted by the company and investing in that area would bring chances of growth and profit, e.g. an unmet customer need. There may be some changes in the external environment which can be a threat for a company, e.g. a new substitute product.[2] SWOT analysis should be performed for every area of the businesses and it should be repeatedly done for every market. What is its purpose in strategic planning? Strategic planning basically helps a business to set its overall objectives and then build a comprehensive plan to accomplish those objectives.[3] In doing so, SWOT analysis performs an important function by highlighting the strengths and weaknesses and spotlighting the opportunities and weaknesses. Through this in-depth market analysis, companies can set their goals in the right direction. Do you have to conduct a SWOTT Analysis to have an effective strategic plan? Why or why not. Yes, it is necessary to perform a SWOT analysis for building an effective strategic plan. The reason is that it tells a company what has been done well, so as to focus in that area to earn higher profits. Then it highlights the internal harmful factors that can be improved by a company. Not only this, it gives insights for better opportunities in the market. [4] SWOT Analysis also informs about potential threats for a business. It is an immense planning tool that will help in building a winning strategic plan for a company. Week 2 DQ 2 What are the key planning factors for competitive success? Key planning factors for an organization will differ from company to company. However, we can perform a general industry analysis, along with competitor analysis and macro environment analysis. These factors drive the strategy of a company, so it is important to understand then properly. For achieving competitive success, type of business must be taken into account. Some suggested key planning factors for competitive success are:  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Focus on strategic planning  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Right implementation of the strategy  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Time management of the entire project  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Using project management techniques for effective planning  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Research and development  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Acquiring land and maintaining liquidity  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Well-constructed product  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Establishing efficient channels of distribution  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Providing after-sales support  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Communicating every decision to everyone in the organization  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Involvement of every employee in decision marking[5]  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Teamwork and Collaboration between all departments  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Following principles of Ethics Provide an example of an organization that has achieved competitive success through planning. An example of an organization that has achieved competitive success through planning is â€Å"Nestlà ©Ã¢â‚¬ . It is a leading nutrition and health company. They have diversified into new areas by creating value for their products.   They were able to achieve that through long term planning by creating value for their shareholders, employees, consumers, and business partners. They strategically planned for the development of their research centers across the globe which is now one of their competitive advantages. Their entry into different countries and creating products with respect to the tastes and culture of that country was also a part of their strategic planning process. This planning is helping them to achieve their long term vision, i.e. creating shared value for society and shareholders.[6] Provide an example of an organization that has failed to achieve competitive success as the result of failed planning. An example of an organization that has failed to achieve competitive success as the result of failed planning is Hershey’s. It is a leading manufacturer of chocolates, confectionaries and beverages in United States of America. Hershey’s was in process of implanting an ERP Solution and they decided to choose SAP ERP. But this implementation failed and caused heavy loss to the company in terms of profits and sales. The reason was not any technical mistake by the vendor but poor planning by Hersey’s. They choose wrong time for implementation when business was at its peak. They made a blunder of restructuring the business process and changing it in a wrong way without doing strategic planning. They spend most of the time on ERP implementation which interrupted the day to day operations of the business, creating confusions for the employees. They might have avoided this issue if they remained focused and planned out all activities properly before implementation. They should have set their priorities in a strategic manner by looking at the business prospects from all angles.[7] Bibliography: What is SWOT Analysis(2010), Retrieved from http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-swot-analysis.htm Strategic Management(2010), Retrieved from http://www.quickmba.com/strategy/swot/ Strategic Planning(2010), Retrieved from http://www.businesslink.gov.uk/bdotg/action/detail?itemId=1079687246type=RESOURCES Roger Lever (Dec 10, 2008), Retrieved from http://strategic-business planning.suite101.com/article.cfm/use_swot_analysis_for_strategic_planning Key Success Factors in Strategic Planning By Bill Birnbaum, CMC(2009) Retrieved from http://www.birnbaumassociates.com/key-success-factors.htm Retrieved from http://www.nestle.com/AllAbout/AllAboutNestle.htm Analyzing ERP failures in Hershey, Retrieved from http://www.erpwire.com/erp-articles/failure-story-in-erp-process.htm [1] What is SWOT Analysis(2010), Retrieved from http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-swot-analysis.htm [2]Strategic Management(2010), Retrieved from http://www.quickmba.com/strategy/swot/ [3] Strategic Planning(2010), Retrieved from http://www.businesslink.gov.uk/bdotg/action/detail?itemId=1079687246type=RESOURCES [4] Roger Lever (Dec 10, 2008), Retrieved from http://strategic-business planning.suite101.com/article.cfm/use_swot_analysis_for_strategic_planning [5] Key Success Factors in Strategic Planning By Bill Birnbaum, CMC(2009) Retrieved from http://www.birnbaumassociates.com/key-success-factors.htm [6] Retrieved from http://www.nestle.com/AllAbout/AllAboutNestle.htm [7] Analyzing ERP failures in Hershey, Retrieved from http://www.erpwire.com/erp-articles/failure-story-in-erp-process.htm How to cite What is a SWOT analysis?, Papers

Dante Essay Example For Students

Dante Essay Dantes Inferno and The Garden of Earthly DelightsThe Garden of Earthly Delights painted by Hieronymus Bosch, depicts many vivid fictional scenes in triptych style. The right wing of the triptych depicts Hell and the causes of mans downfall, which Dante wrote about in the Inferno. Dante tries to convey to all humanity the consequences of human actions and the levels of hell that he believes exist for different levels of sins. Dante divides Hell up into ten different circles, and there is an upper and a lower level of Hell. Dante and Bosch have similar views on the evil within people and this evil is represented in their works, whether it transpires in a painting or in a book. This evil is evident in the right wing of The Garden of Earthy Delights, which can be used to portray scenes from almost all of Dantes circles of Hell. Fire is seen in much of the painting, which can be symbolic of death. Fire is one of the only elements man can create so fire can also be seen as a symbol of mortality. Virgil said, I come to lead you to the other shore, into eternal darkness, ice, and fire. (Canto III: line 87) This quote shows the connection of fire and Hell. Fire can also be representative of the Holy Spirit and this relates to Dante who ties religion into the Inferno. Fire is the background of much of the top of the painting. Virgil said, Eternal fire burns within, giving off the reddish glow you see diffused throughout this lower Hell. (VII: 73-75) Another scene in Boschs painting that is striking appears towards the bottom and in the middle of the painting. A red instrument that is large and rounded has figures circling around it, some of which are dressed like nuns and one who is dressed like a Pope. These figures may be representative of Dantes belief in God and the Church which are two themes in the Inferno. Dante mentions Pope Nicholas III, Pope Boniface VIII, and Pope Clement V who are in hell for corrupting ecclesiastical offices in the Church and profiting from their actions. You have built yourselves a God of gold and silver! How do you differ from the idolator, except that he worships one, you worship hundreds? (XIX: 112-114) This could be why the Pope and nuns in The Garden of Earthly Delights are in Hell. They are also seen lamenting as they walk around the instrument, and according to Dante, lamenting is often heard in Hell. An additionally poignant scene in the painting is the part where a man is seen pierced through by a key. This is symbolic of a rich man who tries to keep his belongings all to himself by always guarding them, as under lock and key, and not sharing his wealth. In the Inferno, Dante says that these hoarders are unrecognizable because they spent all their time with their material goods and were otherwise undistinguished in life. Virgil says, It was squandering and hoarding that have robbed them of the lovely world, and got them in this brawl. (VII: 58-59) Selfishness is a quality that both Bosch and Dante look down on completely and selfish actions are some of the worst. In the center of the painting a man is seen climbing a ladder into the disemboweled chest of a man. This climbing man is representative of people bringing about their own punishments. For instance, Dante looks down greatly on people who have committed suicide, as does the Church. In the Inferno, these people are ripped apart by dogs in the Wood of Suicides. They sank their fangs in that poor wretch who hid, they ripped him open piece by piece, and then ran off with mouthfuls of his wretched limbs. (XIII: 127-129) To the right of the disemboweled man are animals that look like rats are eating away at a person dressed in armor. .u6cb975dc92ba34005593f66a328d66f1 , .u6cb975dc92ba34005593f66a328d66f1 .postImageUrl , .u6cb975dc92ba34005593f66a328d66f1 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u6cb975dc92ba34005593f66a328d66f1 , .u6cb975dc92ba34005593f66a328d66f1:hover , .u6cb975dc92ba34005593f66a328d66f1:visited , .u6cb975dc92ba34005593f66a328d66f1:active { border:0!important; } .u6cb975dc92ba34005593f66a328d66f1 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u6cb975dc92ba34005593f66a328d66f1 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u6cb975dc92ba34005593f66a328d66f1:active , .u6cb975dc92ba34005593f66a328d66f1:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u6cb975dc92ba34005593f66a328d66f1 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u6cb975dc92ba34005593f66a328d66f1 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u6cb975dc92ba34005593f66a328d66f1 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u6cb975dc92ba34005593f66a328d66f1 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u6cb975dc92ba34005593f66a328d66f1:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u6cb975dc92ba34005593f66a328d66f1 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u6cb975dc92ba34005593f66a328d66f1 .u6cb975dc92ba34005593f66a328d66f1-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u6cb975dc92ba34005593f66a328d66f1:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Gender Identity in Marge Piecys Barbie Doll Essay This could be symbolic of crimes against ones country. And that you may report on me up there, know that I am Bertran de Born, the one who evilly encouraged the young king. (XXVIII: 133-135) Dante portrays the figure of Bertran as a man who is holding his head that has been cut off. With regards to the disemboweled person, Wrong is it for a man to have what he once cast off. (XII: 104-105) There is a woman at the bottom right of the painting that is being held by a kangaroo type creature. This creature may represent the invisible force that Dante believes is inside a sinner that makes him do the things he does, whether it be caused by mental or physical suffering. One of the sinners in the Inferno, an Impersonator, kept craving water. He said, O you who bear no punishment at all (I cant think why) within this world of sorrow, he said to us, pause here and look upon the misery of one Master Adamo: in life I had all that I could desire, and now, alas, I crave a drop of water. (XXX: 58-63) There is a man pictured near the woman and he is throwing up. This could also be representative of the evil inborn in sinners. At the bottom left side of the painting is a man about to be eaten by a termite who has a game table on his head. This is illustrating that the tables are turned on the man who has committed some terrible crime. In the Inferno this is represented by Lucifer eating the three worst sinners, Judas Iscariot, Brutus, and Cassius, all who betrayed their benefactors. Dante said, In each of his three mouths he crunched a sinner, with teeth like those that rake hemp and flax, keeping three sinners constantly in pain; the one in front- the biting he endured was nothing like the clawing that he took: sometimes his back was raked clean of its skin. (XXXIV: 55-60) Judas was being punished for betraying Christ. The three heads of Lucifer may stand for the Trinity in some kind of twisted way. Dante and Bosch feel that lust corrupts man and mans corruption is evident is his actions. Dantes Inferno takes the reader through different levels of Hell, and as the levels get lower, the punishments increase in their frightfulness. Boschs Garden of Earthly Delights is almost a pictorial representation of Dantes Inferno. Dante feels that the ultimate sin is one against God and the Church and consequently, Lucifer instates the ultimate punishment. Some of the ideas painted by Bosch are vague and can be analyzed in many ways. The ears with the arrow though them and knife between them may be seen as punishment inflicted by others but it can take on different significance. Both Bosch and Dante come across as disturbed people because the graphic images they create are not pleasant but rather evil. One wonders if they created such disturbing images because they led unhappy lives or if they were expressing hidden emotions in their works. The right wing of the triptych of Boschs Garden of Earthly Delights manifests ones worst nightmares all in one painting. Dantes Inferno can be seen as a guide for people to live by so that they do not end up in Hell like the sinners in his book.Words/ Pages : 1,223 / 24

Freuds Stages of Psychosexual Development free essay sample

The theory of psychosexual development, proposed by Sigmund Freud, states that successful completion of the 5 psychosexual stages (oral, anal, phallic, latency and genital stages) results in a healthy personality. A newborn baby is born with psychosexual energy or libido. The childs libido centers on behavior affecting the primary erogenous zone (mouth, anus, genitals) of his age; he cannot focus on the primary erogenous zone of the next stage without resolving the developmental conflict of the immediate one . At each stage little libido is deposited, the stage is resolved and the child moves on to the next stage. Overindulgence in a stage is called fixation, where a large amount of libido is deposited. The child becomes fixated at that stage until he is able to resolve it and move on to the next. Fixating on a particular stage, determines the method of obtaining satisfaction that will dominate and affect his adult personality . We will write a custom essay sample on Freuds Stages of Psychosexual Development or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The oral stage begins at birth through 18 months. According to the pleasure principle, the id dominates this stage, as the ego and superego have not yet been developed and the infant has no personality (identity) . The erogenous zone or focus of libidinal gratification is the mouth. Infants derive pleasure from feeding from the mother’s breast and from exploring their environment by placing objects in their mouths. Because the infant is entirely dependent upon adults (who are responsible for the child’s basic needs, such as feeding), the infant also develops a sense of trust and comfort through this oral pleasure. To resolve this stage, the child must become less dependent upon caretakers (weaned). A person who is orally fixated and â€Å"stuck† at this stage may be over-dependent on others and may seek oral stimulation through smoking, drinking, or eating . The anal stage is from 18 months to 3 years. This is called the anal stage because Freud believed the erogenous zone moved from the mouth to the anus and that infants got pleasure from withholding and releasing their feces at will during toilet training . The ego develops during this stage because the child now is starting to understand social norms and that they can’t â€Å"go† when and where they want to â€Å"go.† An anally fixated adult may be obsessively clean and orderly and enjoy having control over others. On the other hand, children whose parents are too lenient during this phase may grow up to become messy and disorganized . The phallic stage follows the anal stage and is from 3 to 6 years. At this time the ego is developed. During this stage, the primary focus of the libido is the genitals. The child also starts to notice the difference between men and women and begins to identify with the same sex parent. In boys, Freud described the Oedipus complex. This is when boys start to sexually desire their mother and see the father as a threat, afraid that the father will hurt them for wanting her exclusively for his own, a term called castration anxiety. The love turns into sexual desire when the erogenous zone moves from the mouth to the anus and genitals. In boys, this is resolved through assuming identity by copying their fathers. . In girls, a similar experience along with similar feelings is called the Electra complex. Freud believed that girls experienced penis envy and their love for their father becomes erotic and envious, wishing they had a penis of her own. In girls, this is resolved by repressing t heir desire for their fathers and replacing it with a desire for a baby of their own. Fixation at this stage develops a phallic character, which is reckless, resolute, self-assured, and narcissisticexcessively vain and proud. The failure to resolve these conflicts can also cause a person to be afraid or incapable of close love . Following the phallic stage is the latency period. This is a period where the libido or sexual drive lies dormant. During this time the child concentrates on asexual activities such as school, activities, sports and same-sex friendships. This period lasts from age 6 to puberty. This stage is important in the development of social and communication skills and self-confidence. The last stage is the genital stage, which lasts from puberty to death. The superego is developed at this time. During this stage, the individual develops a strong sexual interest in the opposite sex and goes from masturbation or self-pleasuring (instinct) to intercourse with another person. Successful resolution of this stage will result in a well-balanced, warm and caring relationship . Sexual perversions could develop if fixation  occurs during this stage. At the end of this stage, the person who has worked it all out is psychologically well-adjusted and balanced. According to Freud to achieve this state you need to have a balance of both love and work . In conclusion, according to Sigmund Freud, successful completion of each of the 5 steps will result in a healthy, well-balanced personality. Fixation at any one of these stages will define the child’s personality as an adult until the immediate stage is resolved and all 5 stages successfully completed. By age 5, the child’s personality along with his ego and superego are developed. Unsuccessful completion of the 5 psychosexual stages will result in sexual and/or emotional problems in adulthood.

It236 Week9 Final Essays

It236 Week9 Final Essays It236 Week9 Final Essay It236 Week9 Final Essay Week 9 Final Ken Kronemeyer Ken Kronemeyer University of Phoenix, Axia College IT236 [ November 21, 2010 ] Kevin Jayne Week 9 Final Ken Kronemeyer The Assignment: 1. Final Project: Web Site Analysis * Analyze the Web site you selected for the Capstone Discussion question. * Use on your knowledge gained from the past 9 weeks. * Evaluate the current design of the site. * Identify recommendations for redesign. The Site The web site chosen for this project is the Belleville News-Democrat Newspaper web site from Belleville, Illinois. It is the hometown newspaper of this papers author. The site URL is bnd. com/ . It’s Problems 1. The first thing that happens when you enter this site is a pop-up. As a viewer of many websites, I have found this to be a real turn-off to continuing visits to a web site, as it is not very welcoming and is a distraction to the purpose of my visit. 2. News/Sports/Life/Opinions Page: Confusing hodgepodge of boxes and information and that is the same template on all major pages. (Fig. 1) 3. What would normally be the classifieds section of a newspaper is replaced with outsourced functions. For instance the Auto’s section is sourced to Cars. om instead of the actual newspaper ads, the Jobs section is sourced to CareerBuilder. com etc. (Fig 2) 4. The only real page that is uncluttered and straightforward is the â€Å"Services† page which is all about the services provided by the newspaper – payment, subscriptions etc. (Fig3) 5. Navigation is straightforward if one does not stray from the Navigation Bar at the top or goes all the way to the bottom of the screen to the sitemap. (Fig 4) 6. None of the newspapers special features are available either such as the Sunday Parade Magazine or even the daily comics. Nor are the sale ad inserts that many could use. If one wants the inserts, one has to buy the print edition. Fig 1| Fig 2| Fig 3| Fig 4 Recommendations Ideally, for a newspaper format, where the news and local interests are the main topics, this site should move all the ads to a column on the right and out of the body of the page, that way if one wants to view the ads, they are readily available for viewing and easily accessible devoting the main body of the page to what the site is about – news. Secondly, there should be some way for readers to access the actual classifieds of the newspaper. As it is, ads that are in the subscriber/newsrack edition are not available on line in the outsourced ad boxes. Many jobs I the paper edition are not in the CareerBuilder. com site and may automobiles listed in the paper edition are not in the Cars. com site, and it is the same for any of the other ads. This could be a great local news site, if the pressure for revenue did not interfere with the web sites design. Conclusion This could be a great site if it was de-cluttered and not made so distracting to the visitor and the pop-ups were done away with. If the site also included everything that comes with the daily print edition Comics, ad inserts, this would be a really useful and faithful representation of this fine newspaper. References Figs 1-4, Belleville News-Democrat, 2010, Retrieved November, 2010 from bnd. com/